Ethnogenesis
Ethnogenesis at Amazon
Buy books at Amazon.com and save. Qualified orders over $25 ship free.
Amazon.com/nonfictionbooks
Ethnogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ethnogenesis (From Greek: ethnos (?????, group of people, nation) and genesis ... 1 Passive or active ethnogenesis. 2 Language revival. 3 Religion. 4 Geography ...
en.wikipedia.org
MySpace.com - Ethnogenesis [TWO NEW SONGS POSTED!] - Saint Louis ...
MySpace music profile for Ethnogenesis [TWO NEW SONGS POSTED! ... In other words, Ethnogenesis is the creation of a new nation or culture within ...
www.myspace.com
Amazon.com: ethnogenesis
A community about ethnogenesis. Tag and discover new products. Share your images and discuss your questions with ethnogenesis experts.
www.amazon.com
Ethnogenesis
A media service of European Americans United. 53. Ethnogenesis. Written during the meeting of the First Southern Congress, at Montgomery, February, 1861. ...
www.wvwnews.net
Ethnogenesis - Wikisource
Ethnogenesis. From Wikisource. Jump to: navigation, search ... Retrieved from "http://en.wikisource.org
en.wikisource.org
ethnogenesis (idea)@Everything2.com
Ethnogenesis is the process by which a group of people comes to be viewed, or ... On the other hand, "Active" ethnogenesis occurs when leaders, governments, or ...
everything2.com
Review of Biblical Literature
Israel's Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and Resistance ... Description: Israel's Ethnogenesis provides an "anthropologically-oriented
www.bookreviews.org
Israel's Ethnogenesis | Barnes & Noble.com
Find Israel's Ethnogenesis and much more at BN.com. Free 3-Day Delivery on orders over 25 dollars.
search.barnesandnoble.com
Studies in Siberian Ethnogenesis
Studies in Siberian Ethnogenesis Book by H. N. Michael; 1962. ... In the ethnography of Siberian peoples, the ethnogenesis of Turkic-speaking ...
www.questia.com
Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: Permission denied in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12
Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12
Warning: fopen(/home/templatecore2cache//*cluesnet.com/d9/d9e731ddfdb71618defb3230accd358b43f7d74d.tc2cache) [function.fopen]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 130
Warning: fwrite(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 131
Warning: fclose(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 132
Ethnogenesis (From Greek Language: ethnos(nation)+"genesis(birth), Greek: Εθνογένεσις) is the process by which a group of human beings comes to be understood or to understand themselves as Ethnicity distinct from the wider social landscape from which their grouping emerges. By self-reinvention ethnic groups are "present at their own creation", in the phrase of E. P. Thompson, setting traditional Teleology nation-building narratives, that were once uncritically accepted as history, into the framework of legend.
Passive or active ethnogenesis Ethnogenesis can occur passively, in the accumulation of markers of group identity forged through interaction with the physical environment, cultural and religious divisions between sections of a society, migrations and other processes, for which ethnic subdivision is an unintended outcome. It can occur actively, as persons deliberately and directly 'engineer' separate identities in order to attempt to solve a political problem - the preservation or imposition of certain cultural values, power relations, etc. Since the late eighteenth century such attempts have often been related to language revival or creation of a new language, in what eventually becomes a "national literature." Furthermore, in the twentieth century, societies challenged by the obsolescence of those narratives which previously afforded them coherence can fall back on ethnic or racial narratives, as a means of maintaining or reaffirming their collective identity, or polis.
Language revival Language is a critical asset for authenticating ethnic identities. The process of reviving an antique ethnic identity often poses an immediate language challenge, as obsolescent languages will lack expressions for contemporary experiences. In Europe in the 1990s, proponents of ethnic revivals are from the Celtic fringes in Wales and the Basque Country (autonomous community). The rebirth of Occitan language in some activist groups in the 1970s in France is a similar attempt, as well as the Fennoman in 19th century Grand Duchy of Finland which aimed to intensify the language strife and to raise the Finnish language from peasant-status to the position of a national language and status. The Fennoman also founded the Finnish Party to pursue their nationalist aims. The publication in 1835 of the Finnish national epic, Kalevala, was a founding stone of Finnish nationalism and ethnogenesis, while Finnish became the official language of Finland only in 1892. Fennomans were opposed by the Svecomans, headed by Axel Olof Freudenthal (1836-1911), who supported the use of Swedish language and considered, according to scientific racism contemporary theories, that Finland harbored two "race (historical definition)", one speaking Swedish and the other Finnish. The Svecomans claimed that the Swedish, "Germanic race," was superior to the Finnish people.
Religion The set of cultural markers that accompanies each of the major religions may become a component of distinct ethnic identities, although one does not necessarily recovers the others. Furthermore, the definition may be subject to change over time (for example, in 19th Century Europe it would be commonplace to conceive of Jews and Arabs as one 'ethnic' bloc, the Semites ). Powerful distinctions between - for example - Christian, Jewish, Hindu and Muslim ethnicities arise on the basis of languages each religion historically favoured (Latin and Greek language, Hebrew language, Sanskrit Language and Arabic language respectively). The sources of religious differentiation are contested, among Sociology of religion and among Anthropology of religion as much as between the faith groups themselves.
Furthermore, the line between a well-defined religious sect and a discrete ethnicity cannot be sharply defined. Sects which most observers would accept as constituting a separate ethnicity usually have, as a minimum, a firm set of rules censuring those who 'marry-out' or who fail to raise their children in the proper faith. Examples might include:
- Amish, or more controversially Mennonites Christians .
Geography Geographical factors can lead to both cultural and Genetics isolation from wider human society. Groups which settle remote habitats and intermarry over generations will acquire distinctive cultural and genetic traits, evolving from the information brought with them and through interaction with their unique environmental circumstances. Ethnogenesis in these circumstances typically results in an identity which is less value-laden than one forged in contradistinction to competing populations. Particularly in pastoral mountain peoples, social organization tends to hinge primarily on familial identification, not a wider collective identity.
Specific case I: the creation of the Moldovan identity in the Soviet Union The separate Moldovans ethnic denomination was promoted under Soviet rule in the 1920s, first to support territorial claims to the then-Romanian territories of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and then, after the June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum, to counter potential re-unification claims.
The recognition of Moldovans as a separate ethnicity, distinct from Romanians, is today a controversial subject. On one side, the Moldovan Parliament (which had a Communist majority) adopted in 2003 "The Concept on National Policy of the Republic of Moldova", which states that Moldovans and Romanians are two distinct peoples and speak two different languages, Romanians form an ethnic minority in Moldova, and that the Republic of Moldova is the legitimate successor to the Principality of Moldavia. On the other side, Moldovans are recognized as a distinct ethnic group only by former Soviet states. For instance, in the United States, no difference is made between Romanians and Moldovans. In the 2004 Moldovan Census, out of the 3,383,332 people living in Moldova, 16.5% (558,508) chose Romanian as their mother tongue, whereas 60% chose Moldovan. While 40% of all urban area Romanian/Moldovan speakers chose Romanian as their mother tongue, in the country side hardly each 7th Romanian/Moldovan speaker indicated Romanian as his mother tongue.National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova: Census 2004
Specific case II: the Amerindian North American Southwest With the arrival of the Spanish in southwestern North America, the Native Americans of the Jumanano cultural sphere underwent social changes partly in reaction, which spurred their ethnogenesis, Clayton Anderson has observed.See Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press) 1999; a broader scope is included in the articles in Jonathan D. Hill (ed.), History, Power, and Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992, (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press) 1996. Ethnogenesis in the Texas plains and along the coast took two forms: a disadvantaged group identified with a stronger group and became absorbed into it, on the one hand, and on the other hand, cultural institutions were modified and in a sense reinvented. The seventeenth-century Jumanano disintegration, a collapse in part engendered through introduced diseases, was followed by their reintegration as Kiowa, Nancy Hickerson has argued.Nancy Parrott Hickerson, The Jumanos: Hunters and Traders of the South Plains (University of Texas Press) 1996. The exterior stresses that produced ethnogenetic shifts preceded the arrival of the Spanish and their horse culture: recurring cycles of drought had previously forced non-kin to band together or to disband and mobilize, and inter-tribal hostilities forced weaker groups to associate with stronger ones.
Ethnogenesis in historical scholarship Within the historical profession, the term "ethnogenesis" has been borrowed as a neologism to explain the origins and evolution of so-called barbarian ethnic cultures,Walter Pohl. "Aux origines d'une Europe ethnique. Transformations d'identites entre Antiquite et Moyen Age". Annales HSS 60 (2005): 183-208, and Pohl, "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies" Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp 13-24.( On-line text). stripped of its metaphoric connotations drawn from biology, of "natural" birth and growth. This view is closely associated with the Austrian historian Herwig Wolfram and his followers, who argue that such ethnicity was not a matter of genuine genetic descent ("tribes"), as in Isidore of Seville's definition of gens,Gens est multitude ab uno principle orta ("a people is a multitude stemming from one origin") which, significantly, continues in the original (Etymologiae IX.2.i) "sive ab alia natione secundum propriam collectionem distincta ("or distinguished from another people by its proper ties"). but rather, in Reinhard Wenskus' term Traditionskerne ("nuclei of tradition")Wenskus' comparative study of German ethnogeneses is Stammesbildung und Verfassung (Cologne and Graz) 1961. in which small groups of aristocratic warriors carried ethnic traditions from place to place and generation to generation; followers would coalesce or disband around these nuclei of tradition - ethnicities were freely available to anyone who might want to participate in them with no requirement for being born into a "tribe". Thus questions of race and place of origin became secondary, and proponents of ethnogenesis will often claim it is the only alternative to the sort of ethnocentric and Historiography and nationalism that is commonly seen in disputes over the origins of many ancient peoples such as the Franks, Goths, and Huns.Michael Kulikowski (2006). Rome's Gothic Wars. Cambridge University Press. Page 53
Notes See also
- Imagined communities
- Nation-building
Ethnogenesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ethnogenesis (From Greek: ethnos (nation)+" genesis (birth), Greek: Εθνογένεσις) is the process by which a group of human beings comes to be understood or to understand ...
Ethnogenesis: A Contested Model of Early Medieval Europe : History ...
Each Compass journal publishes peer-reviewed survey articles from across the entire discipline. Experienced researchers, teaching faculty, and advanced students will all benefit ...
Amazon.co.uk: Andean Journeys: Migration, Ethnogenesis, and the State ...
Amazon.co.uk: Andean Journeys: Migration, Ethnogenesis, and the State in Colonial Quito: Karen Vieira Powers: Books ...
African Ethnogenesis: limits to the comparability of ethnic phenomena ...
African Ethnogenesis: limits to the comparability of ethnic phenomena. Fardon , Richard (1987) 'African Ethnogenesis: limits to the comparability of ethnic phenomena.
The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis
Barbara L. Voss The Archaeology of Ethnogenesis Race and Sexuality in Colonial San Francisco
Ethnogenesis - Genealogy
Ethnogenesis (From Greek: ethnos(nation)+"genesis(birth), Greek: Εθνογένεσις) is the process by which a group of human beings comes to be understood or to understand ...
Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians ...
Studying the genetic history of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia can provide crucial clues to the peopling of Southeast Asia as a whole. We have analyzed mitochondrial DNA ...
Review of Biblical Literature
Buy this book from one of the vendors below -- SBL benefits from your purchase! Israel’s Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and Resistance
AHRC Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity - Projects
In ethnogenesis, a new cultural assemblage arises through the blending of contemporaneous elements. Collard and Shennan (2000) suggested that distinguishing phylogenesis from ...
Lev Gumilev. Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere
Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere Lev Gumilev. INTRODUCTION in which the need for ethnology is substantiated and the author sets out his views on ethnogenesis, without his line of ...